Sand is a granular material made up of finely divided rock and mineral particles. It is typically composed of silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO₂) in the form of quartz, though it can also contain other minerals like feldspar, magnetite, or gypsum, depending on its source.

Properties of Sand:

• Grain Size: Ranges from 0.06 mm to 2 mm in diameter.
• Composition: Mostly quartz, but can vary based on location.
• Texture: Can be smooth or rough, depending on weathering processes.
• Color: Varies from white and yellow to red and black, influenced by its mineral content.

Types of Sand:

• Desert Sand – Fine and rounded due to wind erosion, often unsuitable for construction.
• River Sand – Coarser and more angular, commonly used in construction.
• Marine Sand – Found in ocean beds, contains salt, which may need to be removed for use in building.
• Volcanic Sand – Dark-colored sand rich in minerals like basalt or obsidian.
• Artificial Sand (M-Sand) – Manufactured by crushing rocks for use in concrete.

Uses of Sand:

• Construction: Used in concrete, mortar, and asphalt.
• Glassmaking: Essential in producing glass due to its high silica content.
• Landscaping: Used for golf courses, beaches, and Zen gardens.
• Manufacturing: Used in making bricks, tiles, and ceramics.
• Filtration: Plays a role in water purification and sewage treatment.